Non-Euclidean ‘Paper’

Teaching
Illustration
Flexible paper-like plastic sheets endowed with non-Euclidean geometry, used for illustrating concepts in differential and axiomatic geometry.
Author

Stepan Paul

Published

February 28, 2026

Helicoid to Catenoid

I make non-Euclidean “paper” by thermoforming sheets of plastic onto 3D printed surfaces. I focus on the potential of these models as teaching tools for studying non-Euclidean geometry and differential geometry. The ones shown above were part of my contribution to the Warped Realities: The Art of Differential Geometry exhibit at the National Museum of Mathematics Composite Gallery as part of the exhibition in Summer 2025.